Cls 6 Chp 10 Notes

            Class 6th Science Notes   

     Chapter 10 Motion and Measurement of Distances     

Transport

→ It is a mechanism in which a thing is carried from one place to another.

Transport system evolution

→ In the earlier times, land transport was done using animals or human backs, while, water transport was done on hollow wooden logs or simple wooden boats.

→ After the invention of wheel, bullock carts, camel carts were developed.

→ Transport then evolved in the 19th and 20th century to bus, trains, cars, and airplane, jets, steam and motor boats, etc.

Distance

→ It is length of the space between two points or between two places is called distance.

→ Example: If the two points are close by, the distance between them will be small otherwise if the two points are far off, then the distance between them will be large.

Length

→ Length tells us how long an object is.

→ Measurement is comparison on an unknown quantity with a known quantity. The known quantity is called Unit.

→ Measurement consists of two parts, a number (quantity) and a unit.

→ Depending upon the unit, the number changes.

Standard Units of Measurements

→ Scientists all over the world have accepted a set of standard units for measurements. This system of units is called International System of Units (SI units).

Needs for standard units of measurement

→ Units like foot, hand span, cubit, footstep etc., vary.

→ They depend upon the size of an individual, hence such units cause confusion in measurements.

→ Example: length-meter, time-second, mass- kilogram.

Rules for writing symbols of units

→ Units are usually written in small letters

→ It is not given in plural form

→ It is not followed by a full stop unless it is at the end of the sentence.

Measuring Length of a Curved line

→ Instead of straight scale using measuring tape for the measurement of curved line or surface.

Motion

→ Any change in position with time can be termed as motion.

→ A motion can be termed as slow or fast based on the distance it covers in a specific amount of time.

→ The objects which are not moving are said to be at rest.

Classification of motion on the basis of the path they follow

(i) Rectilinear Motion : Motion where objects move along a straight line.

Examples: sprinters in race, falling stones etc.

(ii) Circular Motion : Motion where objects move along a circular path.

Examples: rotation of earth.

(iii) Rotational Motion : A type of circular motion where an object spins on its own axis, it is called rotational motion.

Example: rolling ball, spinning top etc.

(iv) Periodic Motion : Motion where the object repeats its motion after a fixed interval of time.

Examples: motion of swing, pendulum etc.

Cls 6 Chp 9 Notes

Class 6 Science Notes 

Chapter 9 Living Organisms and their Surrounding

What is Habitat?

→ The surrounding where an organism lives, where it can find food, shelter and a favourable condition for breeding is known as its habitat.

Adaptations

→ The ability of living organisms to adjust themselves to the surroundings is called as adaptation.

→ Adaptations are the changes in structure or behaviour of an organism that will allow the organism to survive in that habitat.

Types of habitat

→ There are two types of habitat:

(i) Terrestrial habitatii.

(ii) Aquatic habitat

Terrestrial habitat

→ It refers to the land where all plants and animals survive.

→ Animals and plants which live on land are called as terrestrial animals and terrestrial plants.

→ Terrestrial habitat is further classified into:

(i) Forests

(ii) Grasslands

(iii) Deserts

(iv) Mountains

(v) Polar Regions

(i) Forest

→ These are large areas covered with trees and plants.

→ Organisms living in the forest depend upon abiotic factors like air, availability of water, temperature, sunlight etc.

→ Three types of forests are tropical forests, temperate forests and boreal forests.

(ii) Grasslands

→ These are mainly covered by long and thick grasses.

→ Temperature ranges between -20℃ and 30℃.

→ Annual rainfall they receive varies between 50cm and 90cm.

(iii) Deserts

→ These are the areas that receive scanty rainfall.

→ These are dry with sand covering the whole region.

→ Deserts are mostly hot regions but some of them are even too cold regions.

(iv) Mountains

→ These regions are rocky and dry.

→ Sometimes water occurs as flowing streams.

→ Plants present on hills are xerophytes. These are conical and evergreen.

(v) Polar region

→ These regions are covered with high snowy peaks.

→ Animals found here are adapted by having thick furry coat on the skin.

Aquatic habitat

→ It refers to the region covered with water where plants and animals survive.

(a) Freshwater habitat: These are the water bodies filled with fresh water. These include rivers, lakes, ponds, streams etc.

(b) Marine habitat: Ocean and seas are termed to be marine habitat. These are full with life. Different varieties of organisms exist in marine habitat.

(c ) Coastal habitat: This is the region represented by the place where land meets the sea.

Acclimatisation:

→ The ability of an organism to make small adjustments or changes in the body in a short period of time to adjust itself to the surrounding atmosphere is called acclimatisation.

→ There are two types of components of a habitat:

(i) Biotic components

(ii) Abiotic components

Biotic components

→ It include all the livings organisms in a habitat, i.e. plants, animals and microorganisms.

Abiotic components

→ It includes all the non-living things in a habitat, i.e. air, soil, water, sunlight and temperature.

→ The favourable conditions for survival of living organisms are provided by abiotic components.

Abiotic components

(i) Air

→ Air is essential for all the living organisms on earth.

→ Plants and animals take in oxygen from the air during respiration.

→ Air is required by organisms to cool their body.

(ii) Soil

→ Soil is the topmost layer of the earth.

→ Soil is rich in minerals and microorganisms which help in different ways for plant growth.

(iii) Water

→ Water forms a medium for many metabolic reactions taking place inside the body.

(iv) Sunlight

→ Sun is the ultimate source of energy for all the living organisms on earth.

→ Plants depend on sunlight for synthesising their food by the process of photosynthesis.

(v) Temperature

→ Temperature at a place depends on the sunlight available at the particular place.

→ Temperature also influences the humidity of that particular place.

6th chp 1 ppt

                 CLASS 6TH CHAPTER 1 FOOD WHERE DEOS IT COME FROM?                      

6th Chp 8 Notes

         Class 6th Science Notes          

           Chapter 8 Body Movements        

What is Locomotion?

→ Locomotion is movement of the entire body from one place to another.

→ Locomotion forms a framework that gives shape and support to the body.

→ The human body consists of 206 bones.

→ Bones protect internal organs.

Parts of Human Skeleton

→ The bones present in our body form a framework this frame work is called Skeleton.

→ The human skeleton has two parts:

(i) The axial skeleton system: It includes the skull, vertebral column and the chest bones or the rib-cage.

(ii) Appendicular skeleton system: It includes hip girdles and shoulder and the limbs.

Types of joints in Human Body

Different types of Joints

(i) Ball and socket joints

(ii) Pivotal joints

(iii) Hinge joints

(iv) Fixed joints

(i) Ball and socket joints

→ It is a type of joint in which ball shape of one bone fitted into the hollow space of another bone known as socket.

(ii) Pivotal Joints

→ Pivotal joints allow for flexibility, extension, rotation and twisting.

(iii) Hinge Joint

→ It is found between two or more than two bones where we need back and forth movement.

(iv) Fixed Joint

→ It does not move in any direction.

Bones 

→ Skeletal structure is composed of hard material which is made up of calcium called bone.

Various shape and functions of bones

→ The number of small bones on the back side these small bones combine called as backbone, which is helpful in bending front and back.

→ Bones which joins the chest and the backbone is called ribs

→ If you will touch just below your stomach area you will find the presence of pelvic bone.

→ The skull is the most hard and tough bone of our body which protects our brain from any mechanical injuries.

Cartilage

→ It is softer and more flexible than bone. Cartilage is found between the joints of knee and hips.

Muscles

→ Muscles are attached to the bones and it is responsible for the movement of human body.

→ There is change in the length of muscle due to contraction and relaxation.

Gait(Locomotion) of Animals

Locomotion of Earthworm

→ Earth worms commonly found in soil, it do not have bones. Their body is segmented, forms rings all over.

Locomotion of Snail

→ Snails commonly found on land or in soil.

→ It possesses wavy movement with muscular contraction.

→ Snail has hard shell on its back but it is not made up of bone and not helpful in locomotion.

Locomotion of Cockroach:

→ Cockroach is an insect and is a terrestrial animal mostly a common household pet.

→ The body is divided into three parts—head, thorax, and abdomen.

→ 3 pair of legs is present in thoracic part which moves by the muscles present near its limbs (legs).

→ The body is covered with the outer hard exoskeleton.

→ It uses breast muscles for the movement of wings due to which they can fly.

Birds

→ Birds were egg laying animal with feathers, wings and beak.

→ Fore limbs of birds were modified into wings due to which these can fly.

→ Hind limbs are legs due to which they can jump, walk or swim as can be seen in ducks.

→ The skeleton of birds is hollow to reduce weight and the breastbone muscle use to move the wings up and down.

Fishes

→ Fishes found in oceans, rivers, lakes, aquarium etc.

→ Fishes has well-arranged skeleton covered with strong muscles.

→ This movement is helped by the fins present on tail and also the fins presents on body helps to balance the body while swimming.

Snakes

→ Snakes live on ground, water, on trees. These were legless reptile.

→ During its movement snakes creates curves in many loops which pushes them to the forward direction, they moves very fast but not in straight-line the motion created by snakes is called serpentine motion.

6th chp 7 Notes

         Class 6th Science Notes       

      Chapter 7 Getting to know Plants      

From where does a plant come?

→ A plant comes from a seed.

→ This seed is covered with seed coats, which protect the seed.

→ This seed contain a baby plant inside, it has a tiny root towards the outer side.

→ The tiny root is termed as radicle.

→ It also has a tiny shoot towards the inner side.

→ The tiny shoot is termed as plumule.

Classification of plants on the growth habit

→ The plants are classified in five types based on growth habit:

(i) Herbs

(ii) Shrubs

(iii) Trees

(iv) Climbers

(v) Creepers

(i) Herbs

→ Have soft, green and weak stems. Usually its height is short and may not have many branches. It is used for food, flavouring, medicine or perfume.

→ Examples: rice, wheat, maize, sunflower, mint, etc.

(ii) Shrubs

→ They are bushy and have hard stems which do not bend easily. These plants have their stem branching out near the base.

→ Examples: lemon, China rose, jasmine, etc.

(iii) Trees

→ These are big plants which have strong and long stem. Live for many years.

Examples: mango, neem, banyan, coconut, etc.

(iv) Climbers

→ Plant that take support on neighbouring structures and climb up are called climbers. It has weak stems and cannot stand erect.

→ Examples: pea, grapes etc.

(v) Creepers

→ Plants which creep on the ground and spread out is called creepers. It has weak stems that cannot stand upright.

Example: pumpkin and watermelon.

Classification of Plants on the basis of life cycle

→ The Plants are classified in three types on the basis of life cycle:

(i) Annuals

(ii) Biennials

(iii) Perennials

(i) Annuals: Plants whose life cycle is completed in one season.

Examples: wheat and mustard.

(ii) Biennials: Plants whose life cycle requires two seasons for completion.

Example: carrot, radish and potato.

(iii) Perennials: Plants whose life cycle runs for more than two seasons.

Example: guava, babul and palm trees.

Parts of plants and their function

→ Plants are divided in 3 types based on their functions:

(i) Root System

(ii) Shoot System

(iii) Flowers

(i) Root system

→ The underground part of a plant is called root.

Types of root system:

(a) Tap root system

→ Primary root comes out from the seed after germination. It is also called true roots.

(b) Fibrous root system

→ These roots grow from the base of the stem have a bushy appearance. Fibrous roots are thin and almost equal in size.

Functions of roots

→ Help to anchor the plant firmly into the ground.

→ Root help plants to absorb water and nutrients from soil.

(ii) Shoot system

→ All parts of a plant that are above the ground form the shoot system.

Types of shoot system:

(a) Stem

→ It holds leaves in position and helps them to spread out as the stem and its branches grow.

→ It bears flowers, buds, leaves, and fruits.

(b) Leaf

→ A leaf is a flat and green structure on a plant, coming out from a node on the stem and always bearing a bud in its axil.

→ Parts of leaf are:

• Petiole

• Leaf lamina

• Veins

(iii) Flowers

→ A flower is the reproductive organ of a plant.

→ Flower gets developed into fruits and the fruits contain seeds with them for next generation.

Parts of flowers:

(i) Pedicle: Stalk of the flower through which the flower is joined to the branch.

(ii) Sepal: Small green leaf-like structure on the thalamus.

(iii) Petals: Petals attract the insects and help in the process of reproduction.

(iv) Stamens: These are male organs of the flower. It consists of two parts:

(a) Anther

(b) Filament

(v) Carpel: It is female organ of the flower. It consists of three parts:

(a) Style  (b) Stigma  (c) Ovary